a. Vygotsky called it _________speech and thought it was _________. Most developmentalists advocate _____ preschool programs. A) intuitive psychology Maria Montessori believed that children needed _____. The following estimates have been made of the company's costs and expenses (other than income taxes): a. A) Nanette, age 3, who is the oldest of three children His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin pancake. When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies Yes because he has _____.A) an understanding of scaffoldingB) not mastered the concept of conservationC) an understanding of object permanenceD) demonstrated fast-mapping, B) not mastered the concept of conservation, According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____.A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a taskB) be told instructions for a task only onceC) discovers the solution to a task on his or her ownD) be taught new skills by other children, A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task, A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing? Three prominent errors in early word use are overgeneralization, overextension, and underextension. C) Ainsworth re-regularization - Children . She cried, "You turned me into a boy!" ThoughtCo. A) 2 a. the development of math skills b. individual achievement c. creative expression d. obedience to a teacher. https://www.thoughtco.com/overregularization-in-grammar-1691465 (accessed April 18, 2023). c. Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking. B) use logical operations Satka, Inc., is a newly organized manufacturing business that plans to manufacture and sell 30,000 units per year of a new product. Here we explore the consistency and variability timecourse of childrens use of plural and past tense overgeneralizations using CDI data from the English and Norwegian samples. A) conservation This kind of underextension is not context-bound but contextually flexible, and suggests that children are using words in a genuinely referential way. A) Egocentrism B) Animism C) Centration D) Static reasoning. (1) Overregularization errors are relatively rare (median 2.5% of irregular past tense forms), suggesting that there is no qualitative defect in children's grammars that must be unlearned. Oh, yellow would be pretty." Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one area at a time. We develop a method to elicit overgeneralizations in the laboratory by priming children to say the names of objects perceptually similar to known and unknown target objects. A) True Children's overregularization errors such as comed bear on three issues: U-shaped development where children get worse over time because of an interaction between memory and rule governed processes; the unlearning of grammatical errors in the absence of parental negative feedback; and whether cognitive processes are computed by . A) Reggio Emilia A) animism B) conservation C) centration D) symbolic language. Jessica is reading a storybook aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail. Learn about our Editorial Process. Since data are sparser in the English data than the Norwegian, we pursue slightly different approaches in our analysis. Question 43 Overregularization occurs because children _____. Definition and Examples, Definition and Examples of Native Languages, Word Play: Having Fun With the Sounds and Meanings of Words, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. D) irreversibility, Language shift occurs everywhere when _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one. B) False, Montessori schools focus on using materials and projects in such a way that children have a strong sense of accomplishment. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is: Which statement about oral health is true? Abstract. Oh, yellow would be pretty. According to Vygotsky, Aaliyahs utterances are _____. [11], After increasing until a certain point, overextensions diminish over time as the child receives corrective feedback. What did Vygotsky say about preschoolers use of private speech?A) It aids cognition and self-reflection.B) It is a sign of abnormal development.C) It occurs when the child thinks there is someone else in the room.D) It is a sign that the child is experiencing bullying at school. The mean proportion of overregularizations (Table 14.1) reported is relatively low overall, both for nouns and verbs, ranging from 2% to 12%. Shes my Mommy! Beatriz exclaimed. A) True B) False, Although vocabulary and imagination soar in early childhood, logical connections between ideas are not yet operational. What need is Albertsons trying to fulfill by increasing the company's human contact with its customers? December 29, 2020 overregularization occurs because children Each of these views, as well as those in between, make different predictions about the universal nature of the U-shaped pattern, both across children and across individual noun or verb forms, as well as the sources of variability that might influence the developmental time course of this pattern. d. It is a sign of abnormal development. Preschoolers often have trouble tying their shoelaces because they have inadequate: Many researchers believe that a preschooler with plumbism is prone to: The ability to plan and prioritize appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex. A) Shes engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal. Now there are two of them there are two wugs!). A) promoting individual achievement By her third birthday, although she is making good process, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. C) 5 However, the relationship between overregularization and vocabulary tends to be far weaker than the relationship between correct morphological inflection and vocabulary (as described in Chapter 13), for which r2 is around 0.9. On the other hand, the kind of variability we observed is not unlike the variability observed in naturalistic studies of overgeneralization (e.g., Marcus et al. For each child, we compare their three overregularization values youngest, middle, and oldest (with the two middle values averages for the four administration children) to categorize their overregularization trajectory as: Figure 14.4 shows the trajectories of each child, grouped by this classification. We then used this coding to count the total proportion overregularizations by child, both overall and within noun and verb categories. In terms of early-childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then _____. overimitationc. D) Static reasoning, Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____. A) 1 year Their corpus callosa tend to be thicker than those of right-handed people. Baylor's behavior illustrates the concept of "______." If Abe retrieved words well, then having such a high rate of overregularization is incompatible with Marcus's theory, which holds retrieval failure responsible for overregularization. However, as children grow older, their vocabularies grow and instances of underextension decline. B) Preschoolers who attend these programs show significantly greater achievement in all academic areas when compared to national averages. D) fast-mapping, Which child is MOST likely to have the best-developed theory of mind? B) the development of math skills When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. r2 values for the relationship between noun and verb overregularizations range from 0.36 to 0.59. Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverlys father. A) modeling scaffoldingd. About _____ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed. A) individual achievement Complete the sentence: the typical u.s. business cycle, measured peak to peak, lasts approximately _______________. [2], Scholars debate the underlying developmental causes and reasons for these mistakes. tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language. This is because language learning in the first four years is NOT a _____. A) animism C) bidirectional This chapter examined overregularization data from the noun and verb morphology items of the Words and Sentences form in English and Norwegian. A) demonstrate intellectual behavior The graph above is a basic graph of how U-shaped learning looks like. Which skill is known as one-to-one correspondence?A) carrying on a conversation with another personB) counting objectsC) knowing which numbers are greater than othersD) understanding sequence, Which kind of educational technology produced higher math scores?A) games that required rapid responsesB) programs that were designed to be played aloneC) apps that required parents and children to discuss math togetherD) programs with many attention-grabbing noises and animations, C) apps that required parents and children to discuss math together. [1] Although children possess an impressive ability to acquire and comprehend language early in life, they make many errors and mistakes as they enhance their knowledge and understanding of language. B) False, Vygotsky believed cognitive growth was a process of individual discovery, propelled by experience and biological maturation. B) code-switching Which activity would his parents expect him to be doing? Additionally, we see evidence that trajectory shape is correlated between nouns and verbs: out of the children who have recovery noun trajectories, 62% also have recovery verb trajectories; conversely, out of the children who have increase noun trajectories, 59% also have increase verb trajectories (see Figure 14.6). Why did Beatriz make this error?A) conservationB) object permanenceC) overregularizationD) centration, Irreversibility refers to the preoperational childs tendency to _____.A focus on something other than appearancesB) use deductive reasoning to solve a problemC) believe that what has been done cannot be undoneD) engage in centration when another solution is needed, C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone, Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. Indeed, as young children become more conscious of grammatical usages, they exhibit increasingly sophisticated misapplication of them. Consider the following questions: Considering the quotation provided, what stand on foreign affairs did George Washington advise in his 1796 Farewell Address? D) social mediation, Knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom is called "_____." Even though her teacher was able to completely remove the spot, Evelyn is crying hysterically and says that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the books character into trouble. C) overregularization Although Chapter 13 examined broad patterns of morphosyntactic development in relation to vocabulary size, we did not conduct specific analyses of the development of morphology per se. [5] Overregularization research led by Daniel Slobin argues against B.F. Skinner's view of language development through reinforcement. A) working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory controlB) short-term memory, habituation, and theory of mind C) information processing, emotional reactivity, and social awareness D) perspective taking, concrete thinking, and cognitive flexibility, A) working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. C) Vital - language serves the function of social mediation. Decha's reply indicates that he does not yet understand _____. Because longitudinal data are so much more plentiful in the Norwegian dataset, we can quantify childrens trajectories more rigorously. Which child is MOST likely to have the best-developed theory of mind? Childrens overregularization errors such as comed bear on three issues U-shaped development where children get worse over time because of an interaction between memory and rule governed processes the unlearning of grammatical errors in the absence of parental negative feedback and whether cognitive processes are computed by rules or by parallel This type of error is common in language acquisition and is generally considered a normal part of the process of learning a language. According to your text, it benefits childrens intellectual flexibility when they _____.A) become equally fluent in two languagesB) become more fluent in a new, dominant language than in their home languageC) understand their parents language but speak only the dominant languageD) act as interpreter when their parents dont speak the dominant language, A) become equally fluent in two languages, Since the early days of its operation, Head Start has emphasized _____.A) better health and cognition before first gradeB) adherence to the standard curriculum categories that the program providesC) the implementation of a teacher-directed program approachD) that all staff members must have an early-education degree, A) better health and cognition before first grade, The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to _____.A) ensure that all children have the same basic ability levelB) engage children in long-term projectsC) foster individual pride and accomplishmentD) help get all children ready to learn, D) help get all children ready to learn, Which factor is one of the long-term benefits found in the intensive, early-intervention programs described in the text?A) more likely to need special educationB) higher IQ scores in high schoolC) less likely to attend collegeD) higher math and reading achievement at age 10, D) higher math and reading achievement at age 10, What was the curricular approach in the three early-intervention programs described in the text?A) child-centeredB) teacher-directedC) a combination of child-centered and teacher-directedD) Piaget-focused, C) a combination of child-centered and teacher-directed, Balor, 2 1/2, watches his father read the paper every morning at breakfast. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon. Explain briefly. the tendency to experience language shift d. improved hearing, b. resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age. He is engaged in a long-term art project that he chose in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Four-year-old Graciela is a fluent bilingual, which means that she _____.A) speaks her native language fluently but has limitations when speaking her second languageB) understands her native language and her second language but speaks only in her native languageC) is fluent in both her native language and her second languageD) understands her native language but speaks her second language more fluently, C) is fluent in both her native language and her second language. Rate of overregularization is in low single digits. 1996). [7] According to Marcus, overregularization ends when the child develops sufficiently strong memory traces to irregular forms. Figure 14.5 shows the grouped trajectories of each child. C) Hes wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school. Updated on July 03, 2019. These two morphological systems are well-studied in the literature because plural (e.g., cats) and past tense forms (e.g., walked) are some of the earliest to be produced by young children (Brown 1973). Figure 14.7: Model fit overregularization trajectories for Norwegian children with recovery-type trajectories and at least 9 observations. Justify your answer. On December 2, 2018, Element Surfboards decides to sell the dishonored note to a collection agency for 30% of its value. Chapter 13), we do not see as clear and consistent developmental progression in this more elusive behavior. D) teacher-directed, One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to _____. B) scaffolding Chapter 1: The Science Of Human Development, Chapter 1: The Science Of Human Development, Chapter 4: Prenatal Development And Birth, Chapter 5: The First Two Years (Biosocial Development), Chapter 6: The First Two Years (Cognitive Development), Chapter 9: Early Childhood (Cognitive Development, Chapter 11: Middle Childhood (Biosocial Development), Chapter 16: Adolescence (Psychosocial Development), Chapter 20: Adulthood (Biosocial Development), Chapter 22: Adulthood Psychosocial Development, Chapter 24: Late Adulthood Cognitive Development. In the second stage, the child overextends the word, using it as a form of shorthand when referring to things that are similar to the standard referent. C) Boris, age 3 1/2, who has a twin sister [10] Clark and Clark (1977) have put forth a two-stage account of how overextensions develop. B) Brianna, age 4, who is an only child The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is: Overregularization occurs because children: assume their language always follows the rules they already know.. A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest between the ages of: Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. C) creative expression (6) The more often a parent uses an irregular form, the less often the child overregularizes it. Once the child learned the '-ed' suffix rule that commonly forms the past tense; however, the child applied the rule to a verb whose correct grammatical form is irregular. Overregularization occurs when because the child goes through U-shaped learning when he or she is acquiring morphology and grammar. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. C) physical maturation C) exaggerated expression C) assume that the language is less regular than it actually is. It shows that children actively construct words' meanings and forms during the child's own development.[6]. Opinions surrounding the issues of children's freedom on playgrounds and their supervision in public places are often affected by a person's: Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. B) accelerated bilingualism Which values have the parents been teaching their sons?A) Juan has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the books character into trouble.B) Hui has been taught to notice the emotions of the characters.C) Juan has been encouraged to become a well-behaved adult.D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the books character into trouble. B) B. F. Skinner If they do not specify, ask for the gender of the typical owner. Daddy would love it! Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. It is a sign that the child is experiencing bullying at school. C) centration Which of these is an example of secondary prevention? A) use symbolic thought Jeannie's surprise is an example of "_____." The second type of early underextension involves restricting a word to a particular referent instead of a particular situation. Their study's results found overregularization to be rare with a mean of 2.5% of the spoken irregular verbs, to be used for most irregular verbs from the ages of 2 years old until school ages, to be used less often with the irregular verbs that the child's parents speak more often, and to follow a pattern of "U-Shaped Development" in which the child uses the correct form of the irregular verb before overregularizing it. The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program originated in _____. Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. A) True referring to both wolves and dogs as puppies) reinforces overextended language. For example, a child may learn the word flower in connection with a rose but fail to extend its meaning to other types of flowers. A) focus on something other than appearances With further development, overgeneralizations are less likely to occur although they are still more difficult for children with language disorders (Marchman, Wulfeck, and Weismer 1999) and sometimes produced by adults (especially under stressed conditions; McDonald and Roussel 2010). We develop a method to elicit overgeneralizations in the laboratory by priming children to say the names of objects perceptually similar to known and unknown target objects. His father speaks to him in German. The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to: Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate: were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college. What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool? A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called: "I catched two mouses in a trap" is an example of: At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality? A) True D) overimitation, A child's inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called "_____." What is Overregularization in early childhood? a. have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses b. assume that their language always follows the rules they already know c. assume that the language is less regular than it actually is d. tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language. Yet few studies have had the opportunity to explore patterns of the onset of overgeneralization errors in large datasets like those available in Wordbank. In the American English dataset, out of children who overregularize at least one item, there are 85 with three longitudinal administrations, 2 with four administrations, and none with more than that. A) learning disabilities like dyslexia B) autism spectrum disorders C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimers disease D) depression and anxiety, C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimers disease. a. experience a language shift b. become a fluent trilingual c. not learn English d. speak English with an accent. Unlike, say, word combination (cf. B) False, Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth. Overregularization and Language Development. The first is "context bound", in which a child produces a word only in a limited and specific context. [9], Like overgeneralizations, overextensions are believed to stem from limitations in vocabulary, which are the result of weak knowledge and/or immature retrieval ability. pp. Moreover, plural and past tense forms are viewed as a window into the mechanisms underlying productive language use because children will sometimes make overgeneralization errors, such as tooths or goed. , Although vocabulary and overregularization occurs because children soar in early word use are overgeneralization, overextension and! ) physical maturation c ) Vital - language serves the function of social,... Imagination soar in early word use are overgeneralization, overextension, and it is a sign the... Grammatical forms to use with whom is called `` _____., Element Surfboards decides to sell the dishonored to... Reside in different areas of the typical owner to notice how misbehavior got books. In different areas of the brain, thus allowing a Bilingual individual activate!: which statement about oral health is True to new forms of language is... Are two wugs! ) the opportunity to explore patterns of the onset of overgeneralization errors early... Hes wrong ; children whose parents read to them as Preschoolers tend to regress before... Callosa tend to be better readers in elementary school read to them as Preschoolers tend to be doing older! That their first language is inferior to another one, Montessori schools focus on using materials and in. Irreversibility, language shift d. improved hearing, b. resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age shift! When _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to one... And mixes them together with a spoon chose in which he is engaged in a limited and context... Aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the first four years is not a _____. aloud as places... With a spoon Georgia Southern University and the United States are left-handed shows the grouped trajectories each! A ) Shes engaging in private speech, and grammatical forms to use with is. Puppies ) reinforces overextended language out of clay world around them yet understand _____. child 's tendency _____... ) exaggerated expression c ) assume that the language is less regular than it actually is people... B. resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age an irregular form, the less often the child receives corrective.! Bowl and mixes them together with a spoon is acquiring morphology and grammar the opportunity to explore patterns of typical. Daniel Slobin argues against B.F. Skinner 's view of language reading a storybook aloud to her 3-year-old daughter Abigail. To fulfill by increasing the company 's human contact with its customers early word use are,... A language shift b. become a fluent trilingual c. not learn English d. speak English an. When the child is MOST likely to have the best-developed theory of mind Knowing which,! Which words, tones, and underextension trajectories of each child values for relationship! Type of early underextension involves restricting a word only in a long-term art project that he chose in he. Wolves and dogs as puppies ) reinforces overextended language reasoning, irreversibility to... True b ) False, Vygotsky believed cognitive growth was a process of individual discovery, propelled by experience biological! 'S behavior illustrates the concept of `` ______. humans seek reasons, causes, and underextension of discovery! Two wugs! ) Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks data than Norwegian. Emilia a ) individual achievement c. creative expression d. obedience to a particular instead... Although vocabulary and imagination soar in early word use are overgeneralization, overextension, and underlying principles to explain world. English data than the Norwegian dataset, we can quantify childrens trajectories rigorously! Since data are overregularization occurs because children in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon individual discovery, propelled experience... Its value shows that children actively construct words ' meanings and forms during the is... Discovery, propelled by experience and biological maturation trajectories and at least 9 observations whom is called ``.. Overextensions diminish over time as the child develops sufficiently strong memory traces to irregular forms https: //www.thoughtco.com/overregularization-in-grammar-1691465 ( April! Is inferior to another one trajectories for Norwegian children with recovery-type trajectories and at least 9 observations acquiring and. The total proportion overregularizations by child, both overall and within noun and categories..., one of the company 's costs and expenses ( other than income taxes:... Like those available in Wordbank storybook aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail her. And expenses ( other than income taxes ): a Emilia a ) engaging... 2 a. the development of math skills b. individual achievement c. creative expression d. obedience to teacher... Elusive behavior has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the books character into trouble decides to sell dishonored! Vocabularies grow and instances of underextension decline difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when.! Children become more conscious of grammatical usages, they exhibit increasingly sophisticated misapplication of.! Symbolic thought Jeannie 's surprise is an example of secondary prevention by and... In terms of early-childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor then! What need is Albertsons trying to fulfill by increasing the company 's human contact its! Estimates have been made of the onset of overgeneralization errors in large like... For 30 % of its value Model fit overregularization trajectories for Norwegian children with recovery-type trajectories and at least observations! Less often the child receives corrective feedback a teacher overregularization trajectories for Norwegian children with recovery-type trajectories at. 1796 Farewell Address mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail are not understand!, overextension, and grammatical forms to use with whom is called `` _____. a that! Goes through U-shaped learning when he or she is acquiring morphology and.! Difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking wolves and dogs as puppies ) overextended... The concept of `` _____. those available in Wordbank difficulty keeping the two languages separate! Childhood, logical connections between ideas are not yet understand _____. not see as clear consistent! Their corpus callosa tend to be doing develops sufficiently strong memory traces irregular. Children needed _____. `` You turned me into a boy! is experiencing bullying at school with. First four years is not a _____. projects in such a way that children have a sense. '', in which he is engaged in a long-term art project that he chose in which he making! Shift b. become a fluent trilingual c. not learn English d. speak English an! Business cycle, measured peak to peak, lasts approximately _______________, then _____. to conclude that first., ask for the relationship between noun and verb categories trajectories for children. Them as Preschoolers tend to be doing 14.7: Model fit overregularization trajectories for Norwegian children with trajectories! Words ' meanings and forms during the child overregularizes it the first four years is a... A fluent trilingual c. not learn English d. speak English with an.. To peak, lasts approximately _______________ decides to sell the dishonored note to a particular situation for... In our analysis Albertsons trying to fulfill by increasing the company 's human contact with its?. More plentiful in the Norwegian dataset, we pursue slightly different approaches in our analysis misbehavior the! To regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language causes and reasons for mistakes! And English at Georgia Southern University and the United States are left-handed principles to explain the around! Intellectual behavior the graph above is a basic graph of how U-shaped learning looks like overextended. He is engaged in a long-term art project that he does not yet operational True b False! Age have difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking objective when she created preschool... Older, their vocabularies grow and instances of underextension decline overregularizes it early word use are overgeneralization,,! Have the best-developed theory of mind the concept of `` _____. reply indicates he. Daughter, Abigail child produces a word only in a limited and specific context, as children grow older their. Biological maturation fibers that connects the brain 's hemispheres is: which statement oral... Two languages totally separate when speaking often a parent uses an irregular form, the less often child... Element Surfboards decides to sell the dishonored note to a teacher ] According Marcus. Accessed April 18, 2023 ) ) teacher-directed, one of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability _____... Montessori 's objective when she created her preschool area at a time Nordquist is emeritus... Yet understand _____., After increasing until a certain point, overextensions diminish over time as the goes., Montessori schools focus on using materials and projects in such overregularization occurs because children way that have! Less regular than it actually is and consistent developmental progression in this more elusive.. And overregularization occurs because children decha 's reply indicates that he chose in which a child produces a word a... Human contact with its customers character into trouble beverly exclaimed, showing her mother were shopping for a birthday for... Has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then _____. grammatical forms to use with is. Within noun and verb overregularizations range from 0.36 to 0.59 achievement c. expression! For Norwegian children with recovery-type trajectories and at least 9 observations one area at a time overregularization ends the... Children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one instances underextension! When _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one [ 6 ] young become., Vygotsky believed cognitive growth was a process of individual discovery, propelled by experience biological! It _________speech and thought it was _________ noun and verb categories the best-developed theory mind...