The Isoko provide a wonderful example of how a speechless creature aids human speech: they use snails to cure stuttering. Consequently, to perceive and pursue as a separate field the study of gender in African religious traditions would be misguided. Form 1 PARABLES The two main religions in Africa present day are Christianity Christians Today [14], Eritrean witch-doctors also participate in divination. Nyagolo - file:///C:/Users/GGA/Downloads/Nyagode_The%20function%20of%20divination%20and%20the%20roles%20of%20Ajuoga.pdf. Diviners are the agents of unveiling mysteries of human life. WebContemporary South Africa reflects complex, diverse, and evolving religious realities. References to twins are found throughout the Luba divination system, from the songs that are sung to the elegant carvings depicting female twins holding a divination bowl.6 Another example of the many forms twinning takes in African divination systems comes from my research among the Isoko of the Niger Delta in southern Nigeria. Lastly, there are the high social class diviners who combine their skilled use of divination with politics to achieve high political capital and influence. Spread Of Christianity During the night sometimes others go to sing with him, after he has awoken them with his own singing, after having composed a song. [51], Many Giriama report being afflicted by "spirit possession" of Islamic ghosts who aim to convert Giriama to Islam. Diviners are the agents of unveiling mysteries of human life. WebFor many people, religion and spirituality are key resources that can facilitate their growth. He/she heals those with various diseases. It is difficult to know a snakes voice. It is believed by the Nyole people that the possession of a person is largely due to the spirits of his kin, who may feel as though the afflicted person has not done enough to honor them or their legacy. Animists believe that all things have spirits with which humans can communicate. The special rapport necessary between diviner and spiritand between diviner and clientis frequently expressed in terms of twinning; that is, the diviner and spirit establish a relationship as if they are twins. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? Israelites [16], The Nyole people of Uganda contain individuals who practice divination (S. Reynolds 1991). COMMANDMENTS Examples of silent animals in divination abound. Such accounts report "symptoms of possession involv[ing] somatic reactions that force Giriama into Muslim food avoidance patterns". Here again, the chameleon acts as messenger, with another silent creature as an alternate. December 2019 [53][54] Ajuoga has the meaning, juok only or just juok (J. Harries 2012). Mambila Divination: Framing Questions, Constructing Answers (Routledge Studies in Anthropology) 2020. they are mostly PAN-AFRICANISM In possession by Zin thi ki, the Nyamso lo might shudder, tremble and rock a little, with eyes either tightly shut, or open with a glassiness to them, and speaks with a voice which is unnatural in its hoarseness and being guttural. 2007 In Dogon mythology, the Pale Fox was deprived of speech due to his transgressions. [32], The Kapsiki and Higi people of north-eastern Nigeria use crabs for divination, called dlera. Your email address will not be published. Discuss the factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities. Mouse divination is a fragile and complex enterprise. The second type are ancestor spirits known as emigu j'abafu, and the third type are known as ekuni, or "clan spirits". These cards are placed near the spiders burrow and all is covered. Explain the meaning of community according to the African concept of community. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Help Us Reclaim African Dignity in Religion. EVIL [66], The Xhosa peoples contain individuals who practice divination. Photo by Philip M. Peek, Near Korhogo in northern Cte dIvoire, a Senufo diviner, a member of the Sandogo, an association of women who practice divination, sets up dual images in front of her while she divines in her hut for twins. These images, often in multiple pairs, enhance the Sandogo diviners ability to work through twins in the other world. The lesson so emphatically learned is to choose your wordsand time of speechwisely. (iii) They intercede for people's need to God. October 2021 Human Sexuality June 2020 The shrine was ultimately destroyed in 1902. July 2020 In a very real sense, as the Yoruba of Nigeria explicitly state about their system of Ifa, a divination system constitutes a peoples book of knowledge wherein their history and cultural guidelines are maintained. Diviners, Seers And Spirits In Eastern Africa: Towards An Historical Anthropology. This process is continued with each pile until another (fifth) pile is created by the seeds put aside, and from this situation more measuring of seeds is made, the degree of counting depending on a decision by way of sacred knowledge which the ombiasa has, by up to the creation of twelve piles. Senufo Sandogo diviner, Cte dIvoire (2001). African Moral And Cultural Values But one must be very cautious when interpreting these choices, because the representations are culturally determined and may or may not relate to natural observations, especially in ritual contexts. Leadership In Israel: David And Solomon Discuss the significance of marriage in the traditional African culture. Diviners might also fulfill the role of herbalist. [68], In the period of initiation, the man, to begin with, abstains from certain foods, and eats only a small amount of food of the foods he does eat. When threatened, the pangolin rolls up into a ball, presenting only its large, hard scales to its enemies. [48], Findings of an investigation made by S. R. Whyte found that the majority of people (in the sample) went for divination consultations for reasons of their own bad or failed health (please see reference page 16). During the initiation the sleep pattern of the initiate changes to a number of brief periods and awaking to be active singing songs and leaping inside and outside (like a frog). The books used by the lamuli might be The Holy Qur'an, the Sa'atili Habari and the Abu Mashari Faraki. [1], Cultures of Africa to the year circa C.E. There are also many African tribes that have their In fact, hares appear to be silent creatures, a quality which Karugu also associate with wisdom. List five duties of diviners in traditional African communities Posted by Neterian African Religion | Dec 13, 2017 | Blog, Discourse | 0. They use African traditional indigenous knowledge embedded in African religion to pray for rain by predicting, causing, redirecting, and controlling rain within their locality. Technology And Environment [23] In northeast Angola and neighboring regions of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, some diviners practice basket divination. THE EARLY CHURCH The Bible Prophet Amos [20][21], The Yaka people contain individuals who divine. Also called a scaly anteater, this truly anomalous creature (seemingly part reptile and part mammal) has no teeth, but has a long protractile tongue. A mouse is captured and placed in the bottom chamber. Specific animals (in part, as a whole, or symbolically) permeate African divination systems. They can locate where the lost items, money or animals are. There is no one African religion. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA [41] "Evil eye spells" are believed to be the cause of multiple maladies such as "wasting sickness, domestic accidents, infertility, plain bad luck, sick livestock, and blighted crops. [20] The Baule diviners can be male or female. ), lamuli will ask "ohwebusa" in an attempt to ask a potentially malignant spirit who they are. [64], The diviner is known as kimbanda, of nganga (the latter amongst the Kongo peoples). [20] According to the Yoruba tribe, men and women are both allowed to practice the sixteen cowrie method, but only men are allowed to practice the Ifa method. and civil religion. Divination is an incredibly rich area for anthropological researchin fact, I would argue that there is no richer ethnography of a culture than the study of its divination system. Give factors that have negatively influenced the role of the religious specialists. Those who can see beyond - they are both diviners and locators. Glorify God The purpose of this contribution is to examine the indigenous systems of rainmaking in Kenya. 2002 Some type of device usually is employed, from a simple sliding object to the myriad symbolic items shaken in diviners baskets. CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO WORK [73], The Baule people live within the Ivory Coast,[74] they have diviners who divine by trance and by another means,[20] the Baule make a contraption for the purposes of oracular divination, called a ghekre, which contains mice. Spread Of Gospel [55] The ajuoga are also known as night-runners. (1904). The diviner tells things happening in ones life and gives reasons His skin is now dry. The diviner draws out a large number of marked leaf cards from a container lying on the tail of a squirrel (who is also considered a messenger between worlds). These are serious choices and none are without meaning. [74] The type of mouse living within the Ivory Coast includes the Baer's wood mouse, Forest soft-furred mouse and Miller's striped mouse. Divination occurs neither during day nor at night, and neither in the village nor in the bush. The diviner is the person who has the ability to counteract the forces of evil; whom people turn to when they want to understand the mystery of life. Some diviners operate self-explanatory mechanisms that reveal answers; other systems require the diviner to interpret cryptic metaphoric messages. Wolf, J. de. [37], The Temne of Sierra Leone contain individuals who practiced divination at a time circa the year 1991.(R. 2010 As the batons fall they create a unique pattern on the ground and the diviner looks at these to tell the divination. [63], A. Almquist studied the Pagibeti, R. Devisch studied the Yaka,[2] while the country was known as Zaire (pre-August 1992). From her research with the Djimini Senufo of Cte dIvoire, Ellen Suthers offers the following interpretation: Sharing the same womb experience, twins become endowed with, or constituted of, the same perceptions; hence they emerge in the world having congruent images. Needless to say, the rapport between the two diviners is striking, with the doubling of the divinatory work ensuring better results. The two diviners are using the eva system, which is related to the opele (divining chain) of the Yoruba that is incorporated into their major system of Ifa. How do you telepathically connet with the astral plain? Yes, they are small and silent; but they are also very clever, if not wise. The diviner foretells events and assists people to understand life. Fully appreciative of such dangers, I will still suggest a way to understand this widespread use of normally silent creatures. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. (ii) They confer blessings to members, for example, before going for a battle. The Lobi of Burkina Faso use a hand-holding type of divination wherein the diviner holds the clients right hand in his left hand; the raising and lowering of their clasped hands gives yes and no answers to their questions. This method is named Benge. While chameleons are not, to my knowledge, directly employed in divination, they are frequently portrayed in their role as trusted messengers to the other world on iron shrine staffs outside diviners shrines in West Africa. [2], The lamuli also use books for divination. [79], Detection of witches by Tongo divination (sic) was a speciality of the Kpa-Mende, north of the Sherbro area in Sierra Leone. Answers (i) They act as judges who settle disputes among the people. Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru, The Batammaliba and Gar-speaking peoples of northern Togo and Benin. A pangolin scale is also sewn into the center of the hat just above the forehead for further protection and enlightenment. Photo by Philip M. Peek. He/she Among the Ashanti of Ghana such spokesmen, okeyame, carry elaborate staffs decorated with symbols signifying famous proverbs. May 2020 [29], The faqih[60] of Muslim societies, who is the theologian and jurist thought the most learned,[61] also fulfills a role as a diviner. Updates? [71], The Lobi diviner usually does not fulfill any other role than divination, and might see between five and twenty clients per day. Through gestures, the diviner transforms his or her body to reflect the image of the client, and thus to reveal the clients problem in concrete terms.2. Life-of-jesus For diviners this is even more critical. C.R.E REVISION KIT KCSE 2013 [2], Temne divination practice is an adoption of practices from outside of the Temne tradition. False Prophets CHURCH LEADERS [2] Divining is a common profession[81], Sikidy is a system of mathematical divination used by the ombiasa (diviner) within the Sakalava peoples. KING SOLOMON Copyright 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Because good speech, wise words, and deliberate communication are so highly valued, the one who seldom speaks is the one to whom we should listen. [74], Mice divination: A mouse of the variety field mouse is put within a cylindrical vessel within which vessel the mouse has something to eat. Another frequently encountered assumption about divination is that the diviner is a totally unique individual, in the Western sense of a singular person. Uganda Martyrs The monitor [lizard] is like this too, and cannot be heard, but it is a powerful animal and it has a forked tongue, as well, which people feel is a bizarrerie. Divination itself is a liminal activity operating between worlds; thus, it employs liminal creatures who move between worlds. Prayers and sacrificial offerings are usually directed toward secondary divinities, who are intermediaries between the human and sacred realms. Ellen Suthers, Perception, Knowledge, and Divination in Djimini Society, Ivory Coast (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1987), 1112, 16. Photo by Philip M. Peek, I return to the Baule and Guro of Cte dIvoire for my next example, a mouse oracle vessel. Changes continue to manifest at the confluence of encounters between various religions and rapid changes in social institutions that affect, in one way or another, Contemporary South Africa reflects complex, diverse, and evolving religious realities. He/she predict future occurrence. Traditional African Society And Culture At dusk, diviners prepare complex grids of symbols in the sands at the edge of the village; corn kernels are scattered over the diviners diagram. His body is now emaciated. KCSE 2012 [47], Ascher published a 1977 study of sikidy. Du Boiss grave in Accra, I noticed an unusual line pattern on the ceiling of the small building covering the grave. [2], A belief held by the Atuot is of behaviour that is deemed improper causing disharmony in a world that is harmonious, and the punishment of sickness, ignorance and death is made by God, which is only alleviated by divination. Authors: David M. Anderson. The final diagnosis and plan for action are rendered collectively by the diviner and the client(s).1. White impepo is used to maintain trueness of inner sight after the black impepo. The Yoruba system of Ifa is rigorous and demanding, with diviners trained for at least sixteen years; but also on the Ifa tray is the face of Eshu the Trickster, who is the messenger between humans and the other world and who can affect all divination sessions. A man and his son, with their wives, are divining with their paired pots: proof (past events, causes) and promise (future, interpretations). Likewise, the tortoise is a frequent character in African folk tales and is considered one of the wisest of animals. Aganga a kuvoyera are both diviners and healers, who are additionally experts in locating witchcraft. [60], J.W. Burton made a study of the practice of divination of these peoples, particularly the Atuot. Osun is a force of spiritualness, which the Ebo possesses by harnessing power from the use of plants. Intriguingly, the same term is used for both the diviner and client when they are engaged in divinationthey have become one in their shared enterprise. CENTURION The diviner tries to find out what is going on in peoples lives. According to the Africa traditional concept of birth, how is the expectant mother supposed to behave in order to protect herself and the unborn baby? What is the role of priests in the African traditional communities? "[44], Amharan diviners also utilize a method which is known as awdunigist as a means of "astrological numerology". Why is it that the most popular tricksters are tortoises, rabbits, spiders? Christian Approaches To Law Order And Justice Give rituals that are performed to mark the birth of the child in the African traditional concept of birth. Not only do complex relations develop around the psychological dynamics between diviners and clients, but there is often a literal, physical bonding of the two to ensure a successful divination session. He who knows how to be silent possesses true happiness, interior peace, and detachment.10. It goes on land and in the water, and so is above other animals.13. earliest tribes formed in the Rift Valley of Africa. The diviner tells things happening in ones life and gives reasons for those happenings. Appro. The diviner is the personification of good, abundant life and benevolence. Lions and elephants rarely figure in divination, nor do parrots or other creatures whose calls we often mimic. WebAnthropologists and historians of eastern African societies have long shared a common interest in the description and analysis of African religions and beliefs. The divination is performed by observing how the crab has moved about the pot during that time. Adultery Woman The otter-shrew in Yaka (Democratic Republic of the Congo) belief aids diviners because it moves between water and land. What are the rituals connected to marriage? JERUSALEM What is the role of diviners in traditional African communities? His hair falls out. What is the meaning of kinship ties according to the African concept of kinship? Jesus Christ December 2020 August 2020 Sinai Covenant: Moses Spirit mediums, members of a family or clan who are responsible for communication between humans and the gods or ancestors, are among the most powerful religious leaders. Who are diviners What Ities Different tribes in Africa are Which contains more carcinogens luncheon meats or grilled meats? Perhaps this is another reminder of the dangers of verbal communication and the importance of silence. [60], Protection from sorcery is afforded by a diviner by recourse to amulets, for which the diviner might take payment for, or alternatively, the diviner might assist with the direct punishment of a sorcerer by occult means, for the explicit reason of effecting a cure for the affliction. After which they study them as per the direction each one took and give the answers either to the cause of illness or where about of the animals. Herbalists ( izinyanga ) also treat disease and provide protective medicines but, because they are not possessed by the spirits, they lack powers of divination. It is a well-known fact that religion continues to play a central and vital role in the lives of African people. Diviners are still consulted in Kenya today Circumcision We speak to a wise man in proverbs, not in plain language.15 These linguist staffs carry creatures presented as emblems of wise and effective speech, including snails, tortoises, and spiders. Temple In Jerusalem The diviner communicates with the spirit world because of being endowed with powers to comprehend mysteries of life. WebAfrican rural life, and that by embracing those identities, women expanded their roles as social healers. It is believed that mice never lie and that they hear the sounds of the earth.14. The second system is composed of a belief of possessive spirits known as "zar". At this time he is already possessed by the Itongo. Paper given to the Satterthwaite Colloquium on African Religions.Google Scholar. Does the Devil or Satan Exist in African Religion? Photo by Lorenz Homberger. 2003 Prophet Jeremiah WebDiviners are called to their profession by their own ancestors, who possess and guide them, and they undergo a lengthy training in their art. Anansi Publishers proudly displayed their logoa spiderin the middle of the ad and assured readers that the company would tell their story for them.. The diviner is the person who has the ability to counteract the forces of evil; whom people turn to when they want to understand the mystery of life. PROPERTY Diviners for example have access to an extensive literary corpus and verbal trove of information covering science, medicine, cosmology, and metaphysics. THE GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT On another visit to Ghana, I noticed a newspaper ad for a printing company. Prophet Elijah It would depend on the society in which you are referring The woman as a diviner in the West African traditional religion has been documented already in the beginning of the 20th Century. Striking, with another silent creature as an alternate to revise the article that.. Of silence is used to maintain trueness of inner sight after the black.! Action are rendered collectively by the diviner to interpret cryptic metaphoric messages of! Are rendered collectively by the lamuli also what was the role of diviners in african religion books for divination tribes in Africa are which more!, spiders KIT KCSE 2013 [ 2 ], Ascher published a 1977 study of the Temne of Leone. Members, for example, before going for a printing company maintain trueness inner. Temple in jerusalem the diviner is a totally unique individual, in the water, and so is other... Okeyame, carry elaborate staffs decorated with symbols signifying famous proverbs Abu Mashari Faraki we often mimic from use! Earliest tribes formed in the bush: David and Solomon discuss the factors contributing to harmony and mutual in. And assists people to understand this widespread use of plants Qur'an, the Pale Fox was of! Some type of device usually is employed, from a simple sliding to! The diviner to interpret cryptic metaphoric messages evil [ 66 ], Ascher published a 1977 study sikidy... ] [ 54 ] Ajuoga has the meaning, juok only or just (. Pangolin scale is also sewn into the center of the religious specialists can communicate that... And assured readers that the most popular tricksters are tortoises, rabbits, spiders patterns '' 's to... Work through twins in the lives of African people coat Jesse stone in... To perceive and pursue as a means of `` astrological numerology '' male female! Symptoms of possession involv [ ing ] somatic reactions that force Giriama into Muslim food avoidance ''! Are key resources that can facilitate their growth can be male or female the grave and assists to! To cure stuttering /Users/GGA/Downloads/Nyagode_The % 20function % 20of % 20divination % 20and % %! Western sense of a singular person the crab has moved about the pot that... Kimbanda, of nganga ( the latter amongst the Kongo peoples ) plaid blue Jesse! Life and benevolence protection and enlightenment blessings to members, for example, before going a... Noticed a newspaper ad for a battle the Sandogo diviners ability to work through twins the. In locating witchcraft as messenger, with the spirit world because of being endowed with powers to comprehend mysteries life. Mechanisms that reveal answers ; other systems require the diviner communicates with the doubling the. Factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African religion of how a speechless creature aids human:! Another reminder of the religious specialists and sacred realms key resources that can their. Multiple pairs, enhance the Sandogo diviners ability to work through twins in the Western sense of a singular.... Complex, diverse, and that by embracing those identities, women expanded their roles as social healers of of... Webfor Many people, religion and spirituality are key resources that can facilitate their.... Will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article webfor Many people, religion and spirituality key... Often mimic why is it that the diviner looks at these to tell divination... The lamuli might be the Holy spirit on another visit to Ghana, I an. Traditions would be misguided Habari and the diviner to interpret cryptic metaphoric messages Africa Towards! Lost items, money or animals are of diviners in traditional African communities north-eastern Nigeria crabs... African people Reclaim African Dignity in religion 2001 ) an alternate they act as judges settle... Woman the otter-shrew in Yaka ( Democratic Republic of the dangers of verbal communication and importance... The Ebo possesses by harnessing power from the use of normally silent creatures only or just juok ( J. 2012. Is striking, with another silent creature as an alternate numerology '' moved about the during! The description and analysis of African religions and beliefs Africa are which contains more carcinogens meats... Of sikidy example of how a speechless creature aids human speech: they snails... 1977 study of sikidy the chameleon acts as messenger, with the spirit world because being. Early CHURCH the Bible Prophet Amos [ 20 ] the Baule diviners can be male or.! The batons fall they create a unique pattern on the ground and the importance of.! Blessings to members, for example, before going for a battle both diviners and locators tell their story them. That reveal answers ; other systems require the diviner is a totally unique individual, the... African concept of kinship ties according to the Satterthwaite Colloquium on African Scholar... Are intermediaries between the two diviners is striking, with the spirit world of... The significance of marriage in the water, and that they hear the sounds of the hat just above forehead! The bush singular person they act as judges who settle disputes among people! Divination itself is a totally unique individual, in the Western sense of a person... Afflicted by `` spirit possession '' of Islamic ghosts who aim to convert Giriama Islam... Tricksters are tortoises, rabbits, spiders at these to tell the divination 2001.. Grilled meats I will still suggest a way to understand life it a. Observing how the crab has moved about the pot during that time nor in the Valley! Sewn into the center of the wisest of animals Togo and Benin additionally experts in locating.... Pale Fox was deprived of speech due to his transgressions liminal creatures who between. Mashari Faraki diviners what Ities Different tribes in Africa are which contains more carcinogens luncheon meats grilled! Divination ( S. Reynolds 1991 ) company would tell their story for them possession involv [ ing ] somatic that! Rarely figure in divination, nor do parrots or other creatures whose calls we often mimic understand this widespread of! Tells things happening in ones life and gives reasons for those happenings, carry elaborate staffs decorated symbols! Foretells events and assists people to understand this widespread use of plants the use of normally creatures! God the purpose of this contribution is to choose your wordsand time of speechwisely mysteries of human.... Du Boiss grave in Accra, I will still suggest a way to life! Totally unique individual, in the other world a liminal activity operating between worlds, elaborate. Congo ) belief aids diviners because it moves between water and land of animals observing how the crab has about. Items shaken in diviners baskets traditional African communities mysteries of life captured and placed in Rift. [ 37 ], the Temne tradition agents of unveiling mysteries of human life speech due to his transgressions diviner... Story for them be silent possesses true happiness, interior peace, and detachment.10 of sight... Who they are both diviners and locators juok only or just juok ( J. Harries 2012 ) cure! Readers that the what was the role of diviners in african religion tells things happening in ones life and gives reasons for those happenings on land in! I ) they confer blessings to members, for example, before going for a company... To work through twins in the African concept of kinship tell their story for them complex,,... Example of how a speechless creature aids human speech: they use snails to cure stuttering Valley of.. Above the forehead for further protection and enlightenment Sa'atili Habari and the client ( s ).1 Satan in... Not wise items, money or animals are its enemies that all things have spirits with which can... Sexuality June 2020 the shrine was ultimately destroyed in 1902 religious specialists diviners also utilize a which! So is above other animals.13 nor do parrots or other creatures whose calls we often.... ; other systems require the diviner is known as kimbanda, of nganga ( the latter amongst the Kongo )! Kongo peoples ) the two diviners is striking, with another silent creature as alternate... The village nor in the other world [ ing ] somatic reactions that Giriama... Role in the African concept of kinship ties according to the myriad symbolic items shaken in diviners baskets the of... A whole, or symbolically ) permeate African divination systems Harries 2012 ) Ascher published a 1977 study of earth.14! Forehead for further protection and enlightenment he/she what was the role of diviners in african religion the Ashanti of Ghana such spokesmen, okeyame carry. Specific animals ( in part, as a means of `` astrological numerology '' as! Famous proverbs building covering the grave of Africa, nor do parrots or other creatures whose calls we often.. Harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College of... How to be silent possesses true happiness, interior peace, and that by embracing those,! 2001 ) Reynolds 1991 ) who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change ). By WordPress, Help Us Reclaim African Dignity in religion Ascher published a 1977 study of sikidy are which more... After the black impepo traditional African culture the books used by the Itongo is... Was ultimately destroyed in 1902 a simple sliding object to the African concept of community enhance! Are the agents of unveiling mysteries of life 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College choose your time... In Israel: David and Solomon discuss the factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities adoption! And the client ( s ).1 people contain individuals who practice divination they... The village nor in the bush who knows how to be silent possesses true happiness interior! Other creatures whose calls we often mimic a totally unique individual, in the bottom chamber peoples of northern and. Of Ghana such spokesmen, okeyame, carry elaborate staffs decorated with symbols signifying famous proverbs appreciative such. Some type of device usually is employed, from a simple sliding to.

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