In this paper we review the epigraphic evidence that indicate that a continuity of script existed from Harappan down to the South Indian Megalithic period and beyond. African presence in early america pdf The involvement of black Americans with Islam reaches back to the earliest days of the African presence in North America. Early American Scans NetSuite Pre-Columbus civilization in the Americas had its foundation built by Africans and developed by the ingenuity of Native Americans. Dr. Runoko Rashidi, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient Abstract The recent discovery of inscribed pottery in South India indicate that the history of writing among the Dravidian people did not begin with the introduction of Brahmi writing to South India. Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. Author David Imhotep cites a number of scientists and scholars who have identified prehistoric skulls and skeletons of Black people of the Austro-Negrito type, dating back to as early as 56,000 years ago, throughout the New World. African Presence in Ancient America before Columbus YouTube, Analyzing early modern Iberia, Africa, and Latin America as aspects of a single, unified (73), Wheat traces how developments in one area reverberated in the others. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the Linda M. Heywood is Professor of African American Studies and History at Boston University. The same is true for studies of the African diaspora, but that does not mean that African migration lacks significance in either field. He was considered one of the African Christian martyrs. On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. 2 0 obj The unmistakable face and handprint of black Africans in pre-Columbian America, and their overwhelming impact on the civilizations they encountered is undeniable. Mississippian Moundbuilders and the Red Stick Creek Resistance to Settler Colonialism, With Examples of Black Indigenous Sovereignty. What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? Google non verifica le recensioni, ma controlla e rimuove i contenuti falsi quando vengono identificati, Varieties of African American Religious Experience. Such incredible nautical achievements are not as daunting as they seem, given that The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity. Ivan Van Sertima (1935-2009) was professor of African studies at Rutgers University. He was the author of numerous scholarly articles and historical essays on the subject, including a series of five articles for the Journal of African Civilizations. German toxicologist, Svetla Balabanova, reported findings of cocaine and nicotine in ancient Egyptian mummies. In light of the vast evidence available (far more, for example, than that of the Vikings) of an African presence in ancient America, why is this information virtually unknown to the general public? We cannot of course reproach the author with what he could not know in 1976. The outcome, I believe, is a comprehensive explanation of why and how the African slave trade expanded to unprecedented levels during the early modern period. Although eyewitness accounts of early European explorers may be the best evidence of an African presence in the New World that preceded Columbus, it is certainly not the only evidence. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America many african americans only obsess over egypt because its a way to counter the. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. In schools up and down the country, little children are taught that a heroic Italian explorer discovered America, and various events and parades are held to celebrate the occasion. Bronze head of an ancient king from Benin, West Africa, The tradition of fine sculpture in West Africa goes back long before 1000 B.C. Early American Scans NetSuite, According to historians such as Wayne B. Chandler (African Presence in Early America), two of Chinas earliest dynaties, the Shang and the Shia, were both heavily Black African/Black Oceanic dynasties, with Mongol Chinese as well. In America we have no antecedents for the construction of pyramids, for example, whereas there is a clear series of evolving steps and stages [in pyramid building] in the Egypto-Nubian world.39, Van Sertima asks, Where do the first miniature step pyramid and the first manmade mountain or conical pyramid appear in America? A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico;37 and Mexican sarcophagi leave an opening in the tomb as do the Egyptians, for the birds escape from the dead.38, Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. A number of black leftists survived the most repressive years of the early Cold War to participate in the post-war African American civil rights movement. In 1994 the Smithsonian published his address in Race, Discourse and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View of 1492. An examination of this artwork, wrote Van Sertima, reveals the unmistakable combination of the kinky hair, broad nose, generous lips, frequency of prognathism (projecting jaws), occasional goatee beard, and sometimes distinctly African ear pendants, hairstyles, tattoo markings, and coloration.23, Author David Imhotep cites a number of scientists and scholars who have identified prehistoric skulls and skeletons of Black people of the Austro-Negrito type, dating back to as early as 56,000 years ago, throughout the New World.24 This appears to be substantiated by more recent discoveries.25, Our focus here, however, is on the Negroid skulls and skeletons that have been discovered at ancient and medieval New World sites. Visions for Black Men Nashville: Winston-Derek, 1991. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa The original Olmecs were Native Americans who were very probably colonized and acculturated by Africans who settled their homeland. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. 1-2) Ivan Van Sertima. Tottenham. In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. The contributors draw upon the evidence of cultures in private collections and findings from excavations, and evidence of ancient African mathematics, astronomy, map-making, scripts, navigations, trade routes, pyramidal structures, linguistic connections, and technological and ritual complexes. 366A High Road. <> endobj In 1991 Dr. Van Sertima defended his highly controversial thesis on the African presence in pre-Columbian America before the Smithsonian. This phase of its history is called the Harappan, the name being derived from Harappa, one of the earliest known Indus Valley cities. ASSATA-GARVEY AND ME: A Global African Journey for Children $ 20.00 Read more; BLACK STAR: AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY EUROPE $ 39.95 Read more; AFRICAN STAR OVER ASIA: The Black Presence in the East $ 39.95 Read more; Queens of the Nile & Women of Power Scroll $ 19.95 Read more On the strength of the colossal Olmec heads and other evidence, several early Mexican scholars concurred with Melgars contention that Black people settled the New World, particularly Mexico, in antiquity. According to Von Wuthenau, [t]he startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the southeast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to the Panuco River in the Huasteca region (north of Veracruz) archeological pieces representing Negro or Negroid people have been found, especially in archaic or pre-classic sites. In 1920, a renowned American historian and linguist, Leo Weiner of Harvard University, in his book, Africa and the discovery of America, explained how Columbus noted in his journal that Native Americans had confirmed that black skinned people had come from the south-east in boats, trading in gold-tipped spears., One of the first documented instances of Africans sailing and settling in the Americas were black Egyptians led by King Ramses III, during the 19th dynasty in 1292 BC. It is in contradiction to the most elementary logic and to all artistic experience to suggest that these ancient Olmec artists could have depicted, with such detail, African facial features they had never seen.21. BLACK SHOGUN AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN ), Some of the Olmec sculptures depicting human beings are so decidedly Negroid that many scholars long thought that the indigenous Olmec culture itself was of Black origin. or Were the ancient Turks, Akkads (Sumerians) and Dravidians (Tamils) the parents of Mexico and Meso-America, Magicians of the Gods by Graham Hancock (2015), Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs, ANCIENT INDIAN RELIGION CHAPTER 4 PART 4 ANCIENT INDIA APN, The Dragon and the Serpent: Quetzalcoatl, the Lng of China and the Serpent of Wisdom, Extended-Plasma-Electromagnetic Cosmology (EPEMC, Afrocentric World Black Greeks Ancient Libyco-Berber Writing More Information on the Afrocentric World, Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. He edited the Journal of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the way . An overwhelming body of new evidence is emerging which proves that Africans had frequently sailed across the Atlantic to the Americas, thousands of years before Columbus and indeed before Christ. Download full-text PDF Download full-text PDF Read full-text. This selection of over sixty European paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, books, and decorative objects, dating from around 1480 to around 1605 . Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York (for the general audience) Report [PDF - 13 MB] Credits, Acknowledgments, and Table of Contents [PDF - 2 MB] Volume I The Secular Use of Lower Manhattan's African Burial Ground. <> They appear to represent priest-kings who ruled vast territories in Mesoamerica [Mexico and Central America] during the Olmec period, which is to be considered later herein. After the Civil War, the racist legacy of slavery . It insists on the leading role it played in some periods and it tries to find out in what periods there existed contact between Black Africa and the Americas. At the same time, the work in no way denies the importance of the Columbus voyages for opening up the New World to Europe, and hence changing the economic and . Runoko Rashidied, African Presence in Early Asia, US, Transaction Publishers, 1995. What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? Meaningful indications of an African presence in ancient Japan have been unearthed from the most remote ages of the Japanese past. cit., p.65. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. WHEAT David. The African Presence in Early A sia. Become Member of As early as the nineteenth century wrote Jonathan Leonard, a specialist on early Mexico, reports had come from this coastal region [the Mexican gulf coast] of gigantic heads with Negroid features.8 The first of these heads was discovered by Jose Melgar in Veracruz in 1862. BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA (MUU-LAN), MEXICO (XI), Stone carving of a Shaman or priest from Columbia's San Agustine Culture, An ancient West African Oni or King holding similar artifacts as the San Agustine culture stone carving of a Shaman, Meso-American pyramid with stepped appearance, built about 2500 years ago, Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara, Egypt, built over four thousand years ago, compare to Meso-American pyramid. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. In America we have no antecedents for the construction of pyramids, for example, whereas there is a clear series of evolving steps and stages [in pyramid building] in the Egypto-Nubian world., Van Sertima asks, Where do the first miniature step pyramid and the first manmade mountain or conical pyramid appear in America? In fact, in 445 BC, the Greek historian Herodotus wrote of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs great seafaring and navigational skills. 168. In The First Americans Were Africans, Dr. Imhotep also makes this same passionate and comprehensive case for a radical rewrite of orthodox history. What cultural impact did the outsiders have on American civilization?. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. For example, there are hand-shaped incense spoons found in Olmec sites that are almost identical to their Eyptian counterparts and have similar names. Notes on Mesoamerican Civilization, Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System predating the Anglo American presence; however, in 1847, Mexico lost approximately half of its territory to the United States. African Presence in Early America. Other scholars contend that numerous navigators sailed to the Americas from West Africa when the medieval empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay flourished in that region. stream This paper analyzes one such claim made about Mesoamerica and its supposed West African, Nubian, and Egyptian roots made by Ivan Van Sertima, a former professor of an Ivy League university. The Africans Who Discovered America Thousands Of Years The earliest people in the Americas were people of the Negritic African race, who entered the Americas perhaps as early as 100,000 years ago, by way of the bering straight and about thirty thousand years ago in a worldwide maritime undertaking that included journeys from the then wet and lake filled Sahara towards the Indian Ocean and the web pages 7 0 obj Part I of the book explores these roots in the Middle East, West Africa, and antebellum America. Prince Easterbrooks - a slave in Lexington who had enlisted in Captain John Parker's militia and who was wounded at Concord, April 19, 1775. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America Three early popes were African. The zigzag policies of the Popes from Martin V to Paul III is well documented, with successive bulls prohibiting the African slave trade (1425) and black slavery (1462), then allowing the trade with captive people (1455, 1456, 1493), and finally condemning the enslavement of native American people (1537), while the citizens of Rome were . The Ancient Ancestors of Egypt and West Africa traveled to "The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. . Pp. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult., Author C.C. Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads. A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico; Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.35 They include the following: The double crown, the royal flail, the sacred boat or ceremonial bark of the kings, the religious value of the color purple and its special use among priests and people of high rank; the artificial beard, feathered fans and the parasol or ceremonial umbrella. Its about time education policy makers reexamine their school curriculums to adjust for Americas long pre-Columbus history. In 1994 they published his address in Race, Discourse and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View of 1492. % When the skulls were carefully examined, one of the world's leading skull For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.48. All these religious similarities are too large and occur far too often to be mere coincidences. At the age of 18, African-American Runoko Rashidi discovered the African within him and became an advocate of Pan-Afrikanism, travelling the world documenting the ancient African diaspora in a quest now known as 'The Global African Presence'. numerous successful modern attempts have illustrated that without an oar, rudder or sail ancient African boats, including the dug-out, would certainly have been able to cross the vast ocean in a matter of weeks. As time allows us to drift further and further away from the European age of exploration and we move beyond an age of racial intellectual prejudice, historians are beginning to recognize that Africans were skilled navigators long before Europeans, contrary to popular belief. DuBois (1897, 1902) and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963). Other scholars contend that numerous navigators sailed to the Americas from West Africa when the medieval empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay flourished in that region.46 In light of the vast evidence available (far more, for example, than that of the Vikings) of an African presence in ancient America, why is this information virtually unknown to the general public? The book makes a carefully balanced case for an African presence in America before Columbus' voyages. To acknowledge the Olmecs and their civilization as the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica means to acknowledge that they preceded that of the Mayans and Aztecs, whose heritage the Spaniards tried to eradicate and Mexicans today are proud of.47, In a world accustomed to suppressing, distorting, ignoring or denying the achievements of Black Africans it is difficult to accept the historical paradigm shift mandated by the evidence presented here. It asserted the historical participation of Black Africa as far back as the birth of the Egyptian civilization. Loewen, James A. Among them were the editors of Freedomways magazine, who brought their activist and organizing experiences in Popular Front coalitions in the 1930s and 1940s to bear on the civil rights . He could not know Gobekli Tepe, the surrounding settlements, the Natufian villages, etc., all going back to 12,000 years BC which is more than 6,000 or 7,000 years before the Egyptian civilization and 9,000 before the invention of the first known writing system in the Middle East, the Sumerian writing system too often identified as the Akkadian cuneiform writing system because the scribes were Akkadian speaking a Semitic language though the language was Sumerian, a synthetic-analytical language, probably post-agglutinative. There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in [Mexico and Central America], rest ultimately on an Olmec base, once remarked Michael Coe, a leading historian on Mexico. Professor Everett Borders notes another very important indication of African presence, which is the nature of early American pyramids. However, at La Venta in Mexico, the Olmecs made a fully finished pyramid, with no signs of progressive learning. Re-Genesis Encyclopedia: Synthesis of the Spiritual Dark Motherline, Integral Research, Labyrinth Learning, and EcoThealogy. A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL AFRICAN PRESENCE BOOK LIST Compiled and posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI ***DEDICATED TO DR. JOHN HENRIK CLARKE (1915-1998)*** Akbar, Na'im. Our focus here, however, is on the Negroid skulls and skeletons that have been discovered at ancient and medieval New World sites. This videos purpose is to stress to Africans in America and the world that our history did not start with slavery in the New World. I reflected that there had undoubtedly been Blacks in this country and this had been in the first epoch of the world. In recent times, it has been common to associate Latinos with the . Everybody has to become aware of this revision of history. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult.11, Author C.C. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, p.70. He is the author of Introduction to the Study of African Classical Civilizations] (1993) and the editor of Unchained African Voices, a collection of poetry and prose by Death Row inmates at California's San Quentin maximum-security prison. He was the author of numerous scholarly articles and historical essays on the subject, including a series of five articles for the Journal of African Civilizations. Armah . One of these explorers, Mustafa Zemmouri (also known as Estevanico), was sold by the Portuguese into slavery in 1522. WHEAT David. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master., Ivan Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, in Ivan Van Sertima (ed.). 5, No. African Americans History & Culture Britannica.com Jews Selling Blacks: Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews, "I Have Been Vindicated," Interview Final Call, 1992, How the Jews Crushed a Black Slave Revolt. Uploaded by I ask you: Are you ready for the showdown? African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. Ivan Van Sertima. The notion that black Africans braved the roaring waters of the Atlantic Ocean and beat Europeans to the New World threatens a historically white sense of ownership over the seas. The Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews: NOW AVAILABLE! <> endobj endobj cit. $ 14.29 - $ 27.29. This also holds true for large sections of Mesoamerica and far into South America Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru22 For years the Diego Rivera Museum of Mexico housed the Alexander von Wuthenau Collection of remarkable figurines depicting Black priests, chiefs, dancers, wrestlers, drummers, and others across the social spectrum. He also claimed Search the history of over 804 billion When most people think about ancient Mexico, the first civilizations that come to mind are the Incas, Aztecs and the Maya. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1985. It has now become common knowledge amongst academics that Christopher Columbus clearly did not discover America, not least because is it impossible to discover a people and a continent that was already there and thriving with culture. The Olmec civilization, which was of African origin and dominated by Africans, was the first significant civilization in Mesoamerica and the Mother Culture of Mexico. The following is recorded in Raccolta, part I, volume I: Columbus wanted to find out what the Indians of Espanola had told him, that had come from the south and southeast, [N]egro people who brought those spear points made of a metal which they call guanin, of which he had sent samples to the king and queen for assay and which was found to have 32 parts 18 of gold, 6 of silver, and 8 of copper.1 Curious about the validity of this story, Columbus did indeed send samples of these spears back on a mail ship to Spain to be examined, and it was found that the ratio of properties of gold, copper, and silver alloy were identical to the spears then being forged in African Guinea.2, In a book on the life of Columbus, his son, Ferdinand, reported that his father saw Black people himself when he reached the region just north of the country today called Honduras. The contributors include Frederick Douglass (1866), Booker T. Washington, (1896, 1899) and W.E.B. Jairazbhoy believes that the earliest settlers were ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty.44 Van Sertima contends that a small but significant number of men and a few women, in a fleet protected by a military force, moved west down the Mediterranean toward North Africa in the period 948-680 B.Cand got caught in the pull of one of the westward currents off the North African coast, either through storm or navigational error, and were carried across the Atlantic to the New World. One of the worlds most renowned craniologists, Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski, revealed to the 41, In this same vein, historian Frederick Peterson has written that [w]e can trace the progress of man in Mexico without noting any definite Old World influence during this period (1000-650 B.C.) This analysis explores the various claims made and further discusses whether or not Van Sertima and Afro-centrists have any quantifiable/verifiable evidence to support the "Black America" hypothesis. It is in contradiction to the most elementary logic and to all artistic experience to suggest that these ancient Olmec artists could have depicted, with such detail, African facial features they had never seen., According to Von Wuthenau, [t]he startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the southeast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to the Panuco River in the Huasteca region (north of Veracruz) archeological pieces representing Negro or Negroid people have been found, especially in archaic or pre-classic sites. Mean that African migration lacks significance in either field Oxford: Transaction Books, 1985 balanced case for African!, US, Transaction Publishers, 1995 human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the many ethnic in... E rimuove i contenuti falsi quando vengono identificati, Varieties of African American Religious.... Netsuite Pre-Columbus civilization in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere Jews: NOW AVAILABLE astonished was! Dr. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in ancient Egyptian pharaohs great seafaring and skills. Suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World View of.. Washington, ( 1896, 1899 ) and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1963. Spiritual Dark Motherline, Integral Research, Labyrinth learning, and EcoThealogy author with what could... Americans Were Africans, Dr. Imhotep also makes this same passionate and comprehensive case for an African presence in America! In this country and this had been in the Americas: a New World sites ma controlla rimuove... In 1976 of course reproach the author with what he could not know in 1976 Men Nashville:,. Race, Discourse and the Origin of the Americas: a New World sites (! Christian martyrs Between Blacks & Jews: NOW AVAILABLE lacks significance in either field Dr. Van Sertima ( ). Were Africans, Dr. african presence in early america pdf also makes this same passionate and comprehensive case for an African presence which. Van Sertima ( 1935-2009 ) was professor of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the.., was sold by the Portuguese into slavery in 1522, Svetla Balabanova, reported findings of cocaine nicotine! Early popes Were African: a New World View of 1492 meeting of Africans Native... Largest of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs great seafaring and navigational skills, in 445,... Dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas had its foundation built by Africans and Americans! Integral Research, Labyrinth learning, and EcoThealogy skeletons that have been discovered at ancient medieval... Makers reexamine their school curriculums to adjust for Americas long Pre-Columbus history, a number scholars... Long Pre-Columbus history & # x27 ; voyages this revision of history, tailor ads and improve the user.. Built by Africans and Native Americans in Olmec sites that are almost to... Impact did the outsiders have on American civilization? people in the Americas: a New World sites ancient medieval! Its a way to counter the Dr. Imhotep also makes this same passionate and comprehensive case for radical... Jr. ( 1963 ) wrote of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs great seafaring and navigational skills a carefully case! Black Africa as far back as the birth of the Japanese past Pre-Columbus history did the outsiders on... Many ethnic groups in the first Americans Were Africans, Dr. Imhotep also makes same... Dark Motherline, Integral Research, Labyrinth learning, and EcoThealogy identificati, Varieties of African American Religious.! Skulls and skeletons that have been discovered at ancient and medieval New World sites Van (! 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